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<title>International Biological Program</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Biological Program</span></span>

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<p>The <b>International Biological Program</b> (<b>IBP</b>) was an effort between 1964 and 1974 to coordinate large-scale ecological and environmental studies. Organized in the wake of the successful <a href="International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> (IGY) of 1957–1958, the International Biological Program was an attempt to apply the methods of <a href="Big_science" title="Big science">big science</a> to <a href="Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">ecosystem ecology</a> and pressing environmental issues.

</p><p>The IBP was organized under the leadership of <a href="C._H._Waddington" title="C. H. Waddington">C. H. Waddington</a> beginning in 1962 and officially started in 1964, with the goal of exploring "The Biological Basis of Productivity and Human Welfare". In its early years, Canadian and European ecologists were the main participants; by 1968, the United States also became heavily involved. However, unlike other more successful applications of the big science model of scientific research, the IBP lacked a clear, socially and scientifically pressing goal. Many biologists, particularly <a href="Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biologists</a> and <a href="Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">evolutionary ecologists</a>, were sharply critical of the IBP, which they viewed as throwing money at ill-defined or relatively unimportant problems and reducing the freedom of scientists to choose their own research projects.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The main results of the IBP were five <a href="Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> studies, the largest of which were the Grassland Biome project and the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome project (both of which had ties to <a href="Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>, which provided <a href="Isotopic_tracer" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopic tracer">tracer isotopes</a> for nutrient- and energy-flow experiments). Though the impact of these studies was modest, the IBP marked a dramatic increase in the scale of funding for ecosystem ecology, which remained high (relative to earlier levels) even after the conclusion of the program in June 1974. Far more influential than any of the IBP biome studies was contemporary <a href="Hubbard_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubbard Brook">Hubbard Brook</a> ecosystem study of 1963–1968, which—lacking the hierarchical organization of IBP projects—grew gradually according to individual scientists' interest and involved more informal collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One of the most influential IBP projects in Europe was the Solling Project in <a href="Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (Germany), led by <a href="Heinz_Ellenberg" title="Heinz Ellenberg">Heinz Ellenberg</a>. Evidence from here proved decisive in the 1980s to track down <a href="Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> as a major cause of <a href="Forest_decline" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest decline">forest decline</a>.

</p><p>In tropical areas, the LAMTO project held by French professor Maxime Lamotte in Ivory Coast provided a thorough analysis of the savannah energy budget and a profound knowledge of almost all biodiversity present in this savannah.

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<ul><li>Human Adaptability</li>

<li><a href="Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Marine_Mammal_Program" title="United States Marine Mammal Program">United States Marine Mammal Program</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagen, <i>An Entangled Bank</i>, pp. 164-172</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagen, <i>An Entangled Bank</i>, pp. 175-186</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li>Hagen, Joel B. <i>An Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology</i>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992.</li>

<li>Lamotte, Maxime "The Structure and Function of a Tropical Savannah Ecosystem". In : <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783642885358">Tropical Ecological Systems: Trends in Terrestrial and Aquatic Research</a></i>. Ed. F. Golley, New York, Springer, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-88535-8</bdi>, (1975).</li>

<li><i>International Biological Programme Synthesis Series Vols 1-24</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/de/knowledge/series/series_display/item3937509/?site_locale=de_DE">recently republished</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/history/archives/collections/ibp-1964-1974-1.html">The International Biological Program (IBP), 1964-1974</a> - Description of the IBP in The National Academies online archives</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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